Peraclis bispinosa Pelseneer, 1888a

Overview

This is a pelagic snail with a left coiled shell, 0.8 cm high; it has 5 whorls and a deep suture with radial crests. The spire is relatively high. A strong keel ends in a distinct aperture tooth. The aperture is wide, the base of the aperture is pointed towards the keeled rostrum. The shell sculpture is sometimes composed of a irregular reticulum. The sculpture disappears abruptly before the aperture border. The wings are fused into a swimming plate. This species lives usually at great depths in the Atlantic and Mediterranean (Peraclis bispinosa drawing).

Taxonomic Description

The elongate shell has 4 to 5 whorls and a deep suture (Peraclis bispinosa from oral, Peraclis bispinosa). The spire is relatively high due to the rapid increase in size of the whorls (Peraclis bispinosa apical). On the last half of the body whorl a strong keel ends in a distinct aperture tooth. The radial crests between suture (Peraclis bispinosa suture) and keel resembles those in Peraclis apicifulva are distinct, but more regular and thinner than in the latter. The aperture is wide and near the tooth at the end of the keel a triangular portion of the aperture border is turned upwards forming a second tooth. The base of the aperture is pointed towards the keeled rostrum. The spirally twisted rostrum has a very well developed, broad columellar membrane. The shell sculpture is sometimes composed of an irregular reticulum with a pattern of spiral lines. The sculpture disappears abruptly before the aperture border. The operculum has about five whorls and no radial striae. Radula formula (1)-1-1-1-(1) with about 13 transverse rows (Peraclis bispinosa radula). The soft part are dark brown to black (Peraclis bispinosa living)
Shell measurements: height up to 7.5 mm, maximum diameter 6 mm.

Juveniles

The juveniles have a small left coiled shell. Embryonic shell is almost smooth, only high magnification shows faint and irregular ornamentation (Boltovskoy, 1974).

Reproduction

This species is a protandric hermaphrodite.

Ecology

This species is phytophagous and mesopelagic. The temperature range is 3.24-11.64°C and the salinity range is 34.82-35.57 °/oo S.

Distribution

Mesopelagic warm water species, restricted to the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, forming a true Atlanto-Mediterranean element (Atlanto-Mediterranean centre). It shares this endemic occurrence with some other bathypelagic pteropods. All other bathypelagic representatives of this group are more common in the Atlantic than in the Indo-Pacific Oceans and Red Sea. Its most northern record is northwest of Iceland at about 60°N and its most southern record is from off the W-African coast near 25°S. Avoidance of upwelling areas is not evident. Strong penetration into the Caribbean and into the N-Atlantic may be induced by current transport. The influence of surface currents on this species is, however, hard to explain as it is the most bathypelagic species, see the Peraclis bispinosa map. Records of this species in the E-Pacific by McGowan (1967) are not included in the map as they seem doubtful by the mere fact of their isolated position. Moreover, McGowan (l.c.) himself mentioned the problem of identification badly preserved specimens.

Geological Record

This form is found in the Pleistocene of the Mediterranean.

Types

Peraclis bispinosa Pelseneer, 1888: 36, pl. 1, figs. 9-10.
Types not found in BMNH.
Type locality: 28°3'15"N 17°27'W; 32°21'30"N 64°35'5S"W; 38°38'0"N 28°28'30"W; 38°11'N 27°9'W; 37°26'N 25°13'W; 28°42'N 18°6'W Coll.: CCHE stat. 8; stat. 33; stat. 75; stat. 76; stat. 78; stat. 85.

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Euthyneura
Order Thecosomata
Suborder Pseudothecosomata
Family Peraclididae
Genus Peraclis
Species Peraclis bispinosa

Status in World Register of Marine Species

Synonym of Peracle bispinosa Pelseneer, 1888

Scientific synonyms and common names

Peraclis bispinosa Pelseneer, 1888a

Synonyms

Spirialis australis (non Eydoux and Souleyet, 1840) part Souleyet, 1852a: 64
Spirialis diversa n. sp., nom. nud. Monterosato, 1875a: 50
Peraclis bispinosa n. sp. Pelseneer, 1888a: 36
Peracle reticulata var. diversa Dall, 1889a: 80
Peracle diversa? Smith, 1889: 421
Peracle bispinosa Smith, 1889: 421
Peraclis diversa Massy, 1909: 24
Peracle reticulata diversa Johnson, 1934: 150
Peraclis bispinosa forma diversa Tesch, 1946, pl. 4, fig. 24
Peraclis diversa Deevey, 1971: 233

For this species the name Peraclis diversa is available, but the name Peraclis bispinosa, in common use, refers to a better description of a full grown specimen. Peraclis diversa was first introduced as nomen nudum and probably referred to a damaged juvenile shell. For these reasons it is proposed that the priority rule not be used and to suppress the name Peraclis diversa.
Giovine (1988) is of the opinion that Peraclis diversa is a valid species.

Abbott, R. T., 1974. (2 ed.). American seashells. New York, Cincinnati, Toronto, London, Melbourne (van Nostrand Reinhold Co.): 1-663, 6405 figs.

Bandel, K. von, Almogi-Labin, A., Hemleben, C. and Deuser, W. C., 1984. The conch of Limacina and Peraclis (Pteropoda) and a model for the evolution of planktonic gastropods. N. Jb. Geol. Paleont., Abhandl. 168(1): 87-107, 2 tabs, 25 figs.

Boltovskoy, D., 1973. Los eutecosomados del Mar Argentino y adyacencias (Mollusca, Pteropoda). Physis (Asoc. Argent. Cienc. Natur.) (A)32(85): 395-411, 1 tab., 1 text-fig., 18 figs (on 2 pls).

Boltovskoy, D., 1974. Study of surface-shell features in Thecosomata (Pteropoda: Mollusca) by means of scanning electron microscopy. Mar. Biol. 27(2): 165-172, 5 figs.

Bonnevie, K., 1913 (reprinted 1933). Pteropoda from the Michael Sars North-Atlantic Deep-Sea expedition. Rep. Sci. Res. 'Michael Sars' North Atl. Deep-Sea exp. 3(1): 1-69, 4 tabs, 58 figs, 9 pls.

Casanova, J.-P., 1980. Campagnes du 'Meteor' dans 'Atlantique N-E. Siphonophores, méduses et thécosomes. Distribution verticale et comparaisons faunistiques avec la Méditerranée. 'Meteor' Forschungserg. (D)32: 15-32, 6 tabs, 6 figs.

Chen, C., 1964. Pteropod ooze from Bermuda pedestal. Science, 144 (3614): 60-62, 2 figs.

Dall, W. H., 1889a. A preliminary catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks and brachiopods of the south-eastern coast of the United States, with illustrations of many of the species. Bull. U.S. nat Mus. 37: 3-221, 74 pls.

Deevey, G. B., 1971. The annual cycle in quantity and composition of the zoo-plankton of the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda, 1. The upper 500 m. Limn. Oceanogr. 16(2): 219-240.

Furnestin, M. L., 1968. Le zooplancton de la Méditerranée (bassin occidental), essay de synthese. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, J. Cons. 32(1): 25-69, 9 figs.

Furnestin, M. L., 1979. Aspects of the zoogeography of Mediterranean plankton. In: S. van der Spoel and A. C. Pierrot-Bults (eds). Zoogeography and diversity in plankton. Utrecht (Bunge Sci. Publ.): 191-253.

Giovine, F., 1988. The genus Peracle in the Mediterranean (Heterobranchia: Peraclidae). Conchiglia 20(226-227): 22-24, 5 figs.

González, C. and Princz, D., 1979. Moluscos heteropodos y pteropodos de la zone central del caribe venezolano. Bol. Inst. oceonogr. Cumana 18(1-2): 99-107.

Haagensen, D. A., 1976 Caribbean zooplankton. Part II. Thecosomata. Off. Nav. Res. Dept. of the Navy. U. S. Govt. Print Off. Washington D. C.: 551-712.

Johnson, C. W., 1934. List of marine Mollusca of the Atlantic coast from Labrador to Texas. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 40(1): 1-204.

Massy, A. L., 1909. The Pteropoda and Heteropoda of the coast of Ireland Fisheries, Ireland. Scient. Invest. Dept. Agric. Techn. Instruct. Ireland 2: 1-52, pl. 1.

McGowan, J. A., 1967. Distributional atlas of pelagic molluscs in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas 6: 1-218.

McGowan, J. A., 1968. The Thecosomata and Gymnosomata of California. Veliger 3 (suppl.): 103-130, pls 12-20.

Meisenheimer, J., 1905c. Pteropoda. Deutsch. Tiefsee Exp. 1898-1899 IX: 1-314, Atlas Pl. 1-27 Map 1-9.

Monterosato, T. A. di, 1875a. Nuova rivista delle conchiglie mediterranee. Atti Accad. Sci. Lett. Arti Palermo (2a)5 (Cl. Sci. Nat. esatto): 1-50.

Pafort-van Iersel, G. J. S., 1985a. Contributions to pelagic zoogeography of the mid North Atlantic Ocean, 1. Distribution of pteropods, heteropods and silver hatchetfishes. In: G. J. S. Pafort-van Iersel. A contribution to pelagic zoogeography of the mid North Atlantic Ocean (7th paper) (Thesis Univ. van Amsterdam): 1-45, 5 tabs, 4 figs, 27 append.

Pelseneer, P., 1888a. Report on the Pteropoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 2. The Thecosomata Reports on the scientific. Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876 (zool.) 23(1): 1-132, 2 figs, 2 pls.

Rampal, J., 1965a. Ptéropodes thécosomes indicateurs hydrologiques. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pàches Marit. (Paris) 29(4): 393-400, 5 figs.

Rampal, J., 1968a. Les ptéropodes thécosomes en Méditerranée. Comm. Int. Explor. sci. Mer Méditerr.: 1-142, 6 tabs, 12 figs. (PhD thesis).

Rampal, J., 1973a. Clés de détermination des ptéropodes thécosomes de Méditerranée et de l'Atlantique euroafricain. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pàches Marit. (Paris) 37(3): 369-381.

Rampal, J., 1975. Les thécosomes (mollusques pélagiques). Systématique et évolution écologie et biogéographie méditerranéennes. Aix-Marseille (Thesis Univ. Provence CNRS AO 11932): 1-485, 15 tabs, 99 figs.

Rampal, J., 1980a. Biogeographie Méditerranéne d'apres l'etude des Thécosome (Mollusques pelagiques). J. Etud. Syst. Biogeogr. Médit Cagliari CIESM: 45-54.

Rampal, J., 1985a. Distribution des Mollusques Thécosome en mer Rouge Meridionale. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 29 (9): 265-267.

Rampal, J., 1990. Les Thecosomes de la mer Rouge. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco (spec.) 7: 103-107.

Richter, G., 1976b. Zur Frage der Verwandtschaftsbeziehung von Limacinidae und Cavolinidae. Arch. Moll. 107 (1/3): 137-144.

Ros, J., 1976. Catálogo provisional de los Opistobranquios (Gastropoda, Euthyneura) de las costas ibéricas. Miscel. Zool. 3(5): 21-48.

Smith, E. A., 1889. Report of a deep-sea trawling cruise off the S. W. coast of Ireland, under the direction of Rev. W. Spotswood Green, M. A., F. R. G. S. Mollusca. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4(6): 420-425.

Souleyet, [F. L. A.], 1852a. In: Eydoux, [F.] and Souleyet, [F. L. A.]. Voyage autour du monde exécuté pendant les années 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette 'La Bonite', commandée par M. Vaillant, capitaine de vaisseau, publié par ordre du Gouvernement sous les auspices du département de la marine. Zoologie, 2. Paris (A. Bertrand): 1-664. Atlas (undated): 8 pp., mammifäres pls 1-12, oiseaux pls 1-10, reptiles pls 1-10, poissons pls 1-10, crustacés pls 1-5, insectes pls 1-2, mollusques pls 1-15, 15bis, 16-23, 23bis, 24, 24bis, 24 A-E, 25-45, zoophytes pls 1-2, vers pl. 1.

Starobogatov, J. I., 1971. Ordo Thecosomata; ordo Gymnosomata; ordo Heteropoda. In: Polevoy Zool. Inst. Akad. Moscou. opredeliteli planktona (without page or figure numbers, not bound, mimiographed). [in Russsian]

Tesch, J. J., 1913c. Mollusca, Pteropoda. In: F. E. Schulze. Das Tierreich. Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen 36. Berlin (Friedberger and Sohn): i-xvi, 1-154, 108 figs.

Tesch, J. J., 1946. The thecosomatous pteropods, 1. The Atlantic. Dana Report 28: 1-82, 37 figs, 8 pls.

Tesch, J. J., 1947. Pteropoda Thecosomata. Fiches; conseil Intern. Expl. Mer. Zooplankton (sheet)8: 1-6, 13 figs.

Spoel, S. van der and Boltovskoy, D., 1981. Pteropoda. In: Boltovskoy, D. (ed.). Atlas del zooplancton del Atlantico Sudoccidental. Publ. INIDEP Argentina: 493-512.

Spoel, S. van der and Heyman, R. P., 1983. A comparative atlas of zooplankton. Biological patterns in the oceans. Bunge, Utrecht; Springer Verl., Berlin: 1-186.

Spoel, S. van der, Boltovskoy, D. and Jankivich, S. S., 1981. Classification y distribucion. In: Boltovskoy, D. (ed.). Atlas del zooplancton del Atlantico Sudoccidental. Publ. INIDEP Argentina: 512-524.

Spoel, S. van der, 1970b. The pelagic Mollusca from the 'Atlantide' and 'Galathea' expeditions collected in the East Atlantic. Atlantide Reports 11: 99-139, 24 figs.

Spoel, S. van der, 1971d. The pelagic Mollusca from the "Atlantide" and "Galathea" Expeditions collected in the East Atlantic. Atlantide Rep. 11: 99-139.

Spoel, S. van der, 1972b. Pteropoda, Thecosomata. Cons. int. Expl. Mer. Zooplankton Sheet 140-142: 1-12.

Spoel, S. van der, 1976c. Pseudothecosomata, Gymnosomata and Heteropoda. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht. 484 pp. 246 figs.

Spoel, S. van der, 1981a. Descripcion de los conchas embrionarias de Cavoliniidae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (ed.). Atlas del zooplancton del Atlantico Sudoccidental. Publ. INIDEP Argentina: 525-531.

Vayssiére, A., 1915a. Mollusques euptéropodes (ptéropodes thécosomes) provenant des campagnes des yachts Hirondelle et Princesse-Alice (1885-1913). Résul. Camp. Scient. accompl. yacht par Albert Ier, prince souverain de Monaco 47: 1-226, 14 pls.

No distribution map was available at OBIS the last time we checked. Retry now.

For further info about Peraclis bispinosa, you can also look up this species under:

You can continue searching for Peraclis bispinosa on one of these Web sites:

Fauna Europaea (animals) | IOPI (plants) | NCBI (genetic)

Google | Yahoo | MSN | Wikipedia