Author: Linnaeus, 1758

Capros aper Linnaeus, 1758

Diagnosis: body fairly deep and compressed, its depth more than one and a half times in SL. Eye large, snout as long as eye or longer, head profile concave over eye; mouth very protractile, forming a short tube when protruded. Pectoral fins rounded, pelvic fins set below them, with I + 5 finrays (the branched finrays fairly stout), dorsal fin with IX-X + 23-25 finrays, the spines long and strong, and fin with III + 22-24 finrays, the spines stout and short; third dorsal and first anal spines only a little longer and stronger than the others. Body covered with small, rough (ctenoid) scales. Colour: body deep red, sometimes with yellow bars; much paler and more yellow in fishes from 200 m or shallower. Size: to 16 cm SL, usually 5-13 cm.

Habitat: close to bottom at 40 to more than 600 m, mainly at 100- 400 m over rock or coral, but also trawled over sandy ground in the southern part of its range; occasional irruptions into shallow water; gregarious. Food: crustaceans (copepods, mysid shrimps off south-western Ireland), or worms, molluscs and crustaceans (Mediterranean). Reproduction: June-August (south-western Ireland), spring and summer (Mediterranean).

Distribution: Atlantic, northward to western Scotland, occasionally to the Shetlands, Skagerrak and western Norway, also Mediterranean (mainly western part). Elsewhere, southward to Senegal.

Eggs, larvae and young stages. Lo Bianco, 1909: 704 | Sanzo, 1956: 466-470, fig. 294-295, pl. 36 (fig. 1-6) | Arbault & Boutin, 1968: 441-442, fig. 28 (egg only).
Otoliths (sagitta). Vaillant, 1888: 354-355 | Shepherd, l915a: 32, fig. 5 | Frost, 1927a: 443, pl. 8 (fig. 11-13) | Stinton, 1967: 4, pl. 1 (fig. 7a-b, 8a-b), pl. 2 (fig. 6a-b).

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Order Zeiformes
Family Caproidae
Genus Capros
Species Capros aper

Status in World Register of Marine Species

Accepted name: Capros aper (Linnaeus, 1758)

Scientific synonyms and common names

Capros aper Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms:

Zeus aper Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 1: 267 ('Romae, Genuae'). No type material.
Perca pusilla Brünnich, 1768, Ichthyol. Massil.: 62-63 (near Marseille). No type material.
Capros aper: Lacepède, 1798-1803, 1802: 591-592 Risso, 1810: 305-306; 1826: 380-381 Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828-1849, 1835, 10: 30-38, pl. 281 Lowe, 1843: 183 Günther, 1860a: 495-497 Canestrini, in Cornalia, 1870-1874, Fauna d'Italia, 1874: 111 Day, 1880-1884, 1881:134-137, pl. 47 (fig. 2) Moreau, 1881-1891, 1881: 475-478, fig. 133 Carus, 1893: 675 Goode & Bean, 1896: 228-229, text-fig., unnumbered Roule, 1919: 52, 132 Nobre, 1935: 200-201, fig. Ehrenbaum, in Lubbert & Ehrenbaum, 1936: 175, fig. 155 Fowler, 1936: 892-894, 1306, fig. 380 Lozano Rey, 1952: 251-253, pl. 21 (fig. 3) Dieuzeide et al., 1953-1955, 1954: 179-181, fig. Albuquerque, 1954-1956: 598-599, fig.270 Rae & Pirie, 1967: 186 Maurin, 1968: 18-19, 29, 33, 44, 68, 80, 82-83, 87, 89, 100, 104, 115-116, 120-121 Wheeler, 1969: 200-201, fig. Bini, 1970, 3: 215-216, col. fig. Blache et al., 1970: 274, fig. 736 Tortonese, 1970e: 500-501, fig. 197.
Zeus childrenii T. E. Bowdich, 1825, Excurs. Madeira: 124 (Madeira). No type material.


Common names:

boar-fish [En]
Eberfisch [De]
galleta [Es]
pesce tamburo [It]
pimpim [Pr]
sanglier [Fr]
evervis [Ne]

*Nobre, A. 1935. Fauna marinha de Portugal. 1. Vertebrados (Mamiferos, Reptis e Peixes), Porto.: pp. Ixxxiv+1-21 (Mamiferos); pp. 1-5 (Reptis); pp. 1-574 (Peixes), pl. 1-77, phot. 1-64.

Albuquerque, R. M. 1954-1956. Peixes de Portugal e ilhas adjacentes. Chavas para a sua determinação. Port. Acta biol., ser. B, 5: xvi+1167 pp., 445 fig.

Arbault, S.; Boutin, N. 1968. Ichthyoplancton. Îufs et larves de poissons téléostéens dans le golfe de Gascogne en 1964. Revue Trav. Off. scient. tech. Pêch. marit., 32 (4): pp. 413-476, 64 fig.

Bini, G. 1970. Due rare specie di Razze Del Tirreno centrale (Raja polystigma Reg.e Raja undulata Lac.). Boll. Pesca Ascic. Idrobiol, 25 (2): pp. 303-312, 6 fig.

Blache, J.; Cadenat, J.; Stauch, A. 1970. Clés de détermination des poissons de mer signalés dans l'Atlantique Oriental (entre le 20e parallèle N. et le l5e parallèle S.). Faune tropicale, 18: 479 pp., 1152 fig.

Bowdich, S. 1825. Zoological and botanical descriptions. Appendice, pp. 233-238. In: T. E. Bowdich, 1825, Excursions in Madeira ....

Brünnich, M. T. 1768. Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptiones eorumque apud incolas nomina. Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. Hafniae et Lipsiae. Ist part: Pisces massilienses: pp. xvi+1-84, 2nd part: Spolia e Mari Adriatica reportata: pp. 85-110.

Canestrini, G. 1871-1872. Pesci d'Italia. Parte I, 1871, Pesci delle acque dolci: 436, 2 fig., Parte II, 1872, Pesci marini: pp. 37-208. In: E. Cornalia, 1870-1874, Fauna d'Italia, Milano, 3: pp. 1-208.

Carus, J. V. 1893. Vertebrata. 1. class. Pisces: pp. 498-711, In: Prodromus faunae Mediterraneae sive Descriptio Animalium Maris Mediterranei incolarum quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus. . . Stuttgart, 1889-1893, 2: ix+854 pp.

Cuvier, G.; Valenciennes, A. 1828-1849. Histoire naturelle des Poissons, Paris-Strasbourg, 22 vol., 11030 pp., 621 pl. (numb. 1-650).1,1828: xvi+573 pp., pl. I-VIII [author: Cuvier]; 2, 1828: xxi+490 pp., pl. 9-40 [Cuv.: pp. 1-238, pp. 249-262, pp. 387-490; Val.: pp. 238-249, pp. 262-386]; 3 April 1829: xxiii+500 pp., pl. 41-71 [Cuvier]; 4, 1829: xxvi+518 pp., pl. 72-99 [Cuvier]; 5, 1830: xxviii+499 pp., pl. 100-140 [Cuvier]; 6, 1830: xxiv+pp.559 pp., pl. 141-169 [Val.: pp. 1-425, 493-559; Cuv.: 426-491]; 7, 1831: xxix + 531 pp., pl. 170-208 [Cuv.: 1-440; Val.: pp. 441-531]; 8, 1832: xix+509 pp., pl. 209-245 [Cuv.: pp. 1-470; Val.: pp. 471-509]; 9, 1833: xxix+512 pp., pl. 246-279 [Cuv.: pp. 1-198, pp. 330-359, pp. 372-427; Val.: pp. 199-329, pp. 359-371, pp. 429-512]; 10, 1835: xxiv+482 pp., pl. 280-306 [Val.]; 11, 1836: xx+506 pp., pl. 307-343 [Val.]; 12, 1837: xxix+507 pp., pl. 344-368 [Val.]; 13, 1839: xix+505 pp., pl. 369-388 [Val.]; 14, 1840: xxii+464 pp., pl. 389-420 [Val.]; 15, 1840: xxi + 540 pp., pl. 421-455 [Val.]; 16, 1842: xx+472 pp., pl. 456-487 [Val.]; 17, 1844: xxiii+497 pp., pl. 487-519 [Val.]; 18, 1846: xix+505 pp., pl. 520-553 [Val.]; 19, 1847: xix+544 pp., pl. 554-590 [Val.]; 20, 1847: xviii+472 pp., pl. 591-606 [Val.]; 21, 1848: xiv+536 pp., pl. 607-633 [Val.]; 22, 1849: xx+532 pp., pl. 634-650 [Val.].

Day, F. 1880-1884. The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. London-Edinburgh, 2 vol., cxii+336 pp., 5 +7 fig., 92 pl. and 388 pp., 87 pl. 1880: 1(1): pp. 1-64, pl. I-XXVII; 1881: 1(2) (3): pp. 65-240, pl. XXVIII-LXVIII; 1882: 1(4): pp. 241-336, pl. LXIX-XCII; 2 (5): pp. 1-96, pl. XCIII-CXVI; 1883: 2 (6): pp. 97-176, pl. CXVII-CXXXII; 2 (7): pp. 177-272, pl. CXXXIII-CXLVIII; 1884: 2 (8): pp. 273-368, pl. CXLIX-CLXXIX.

Dieuzeide, R.; Novella, M. (collab. J. Roland), 1953-1955. Catalogue des Poissons des Côtes algériennes. Bull. Stn Aquic. Pêch. Castiglione, I (n.s.), (4), 1952 [1953]: pp. 1-135, 73 fig. n. num.; II (n.s.), (5), 1953 [1954]: pp. 1-258, 135 fig. n. num.; III (n.s.), (6), 1954 [1955]: pp. 1-384, 202 fig. n. num.

Ehrenbaum, E. 1936. Naturgeschichte und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Seefische Nordeuropas, in Handbuch der Seefischerei N. Eur., 2: x+337 pp., 276 fig., 2 tabl., 26 pl.

Fowler, H. W. 1936. The Marine Fishes of West Africa, based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition 1909-1915. Bull. am. Mus. nat. Hist., 70 (1), Jan. 21, 1936: pp. vii+1-606, fig. 1-275; (2), Nov. 18, 1936: pp. 607-1493, fig. 276-567.

Frost, G. A. 1927a. A comparative study of the otoliths of the Neopterygian Fishes. Orders Allotriognathi, Berycomorphi, Zeomorphi. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9)19 (112): pp. 439-445, pl. VIII.

Günther, A. 1860a. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. 2. Squamipinnes, Cirrhitidae, Triglidae, Trachinidae, Polynemidae, Sphyraenidae, Trichiuridae, Scombridae, Carangidae, Xiphiidae. London, xxi+548 pp.

Goode, G. B.; Bean, T. H. 1896. Oceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by steamers Blake, Albatross and Fish Hawk in the northwestern Atlantic. Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., 30 and Spec. Bull U.S. natn. Mus., 1895 [1896] and Mem. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 1 (Text): pp. xxxv+1-553; 2 (Atlas): pp. xxiii+1-26, 123 pl., 417 fig.

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, ed. X, vol. 1, 824 pp. Nantes & Pisces: pp. 230-338. (Reprint, 1956, London.)

Lo Bianco, S. 1909. Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del golfo di Napoli. Mitt. zool Stn Neapel, 19: pp. 513-761.

Lowe, R. T. 1843. Notices of fishes newly observed or discovered in Madeira during the years 1840, 1841 and 1842. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 11: pp. 81-95.

Lozano y Rey, L. 1952. Peces fisoclistos, Subserie Toracicos. Mems R. Acad. Cienc. exact. fis. nat. Madr., ser.: Cien. nat., Primate parte, 14: pp. xv+1-378, fig. 1-20, pl. I-XXX; Segunda parte, 14: pp. 379-705, fig. 21-31, pl. XXI-LI.

Maurin, C. 1968. Écologie ichthyologique des fonds chalutables atlantiques (de la Baie Ibero-Marocaine à la Mauritanie) et de la Méditerranée occidentale. Revue Trav. Inst. (scient. tech.) Pêch. marit., 32 (1): pp. 1-147, fig. 1-60.

Moreau, E. 1881-1891. Histoire naturelle des poissons de la France, Paris, I, 1881: pp. I-VII+1-480, fig. 1-82; II, 1881: pp. 1-572, fig. 83-145; III, 1881: pp. 1-697, fig. 146-220; Suppl., 1891: pp. 1-144, fig. 221-227.

Rae, B. B.; Pirie, S. F. 1968. Scottish records of rare fishes 1967. Annls biol., Copenh., 24 (1967): pp. 201-202.

Risso, A. 1810. Ichthyologie de Nice, ou histoire naturelle des poissons du département des Alpes Maritimes. Paris, xxxvi+388 pp., 11 pl. (Reprint, 1966, Asher, Amsterdam.)

Risso, A. 1826. Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. Paris et Strasbourg, vol. III, XVI+486 pp., 16 pl.

Roule, L. 1919. Poissons provenant des campagnes du yacht 'Princesse Alice' (1891-1913) et du yacht 'Hirondelle II' (1914). Résult. Camp. scient. Prince Albert 1, 52: 191 pp., 7 pl.

Sanzo, L. 1956. Zeomorphi in Uova, larve e stadi giovanili di Teleostei. Fauna Flora Golfo Napoli, 38: pp. 461-470, fig. 287-295, pl. XXXVI.

Shepherd, C. E. 1915a. On the location of the sacculus and its contained otoliths in fishes. Zoologist, Lond., 19: pp. 25-34, fig. 47.

Stinton, F. C. 1967. The otoliths of the teleostean fish Antigonia capros and their taxonomic sigriificance. Bocagiana, (13): pp. 1-7, pl. 1-2.

Tortonese, E. 1970e. Osteichthyes (Pesci ossei), Parte Prima. Fauna Ital., 10, Calderini, Bologna, 565 pp., 198 fig.

Vaillant, L. 1888. Poissons in Expéditions scientifiques du 'Travailleur' et du 'Talisman' pendant les années 1880-1883. Masson, Paris, 406 pp., 28 pl.

Wheeler, A. 1969. The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Macmillan, London, Melbourne and Toronto: pp. i-xvii+1-163, 5+177 fig., 392 fig. (princ. sp.), 92 n. num. fig., 16 pl., maps.

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