Author: Reinhardt, 1837

Benthosema glaciale Reinhardt, 1837

Diagnosis: dorsal finrays 13 (12-14); anal finrays 17-18 (19); pectoral finrays 11 (10); gillrakers 5 (6) + 1 + 12 (11-13), total 18 (17-20). AO 6 (5) + 6 (5-7), total 12 (11-13). Males with single black-bordered supracaudal gland; females with two infra-caudal luminous patches; occasional specimens with both. Size: to 103 mm.

Habitat: high-oceanic, mesopelagic. Mediterranean: day at 375-800 m (maximum abundance at 500 m); night at 12-200 m and at 600 800 m (maximum abundance at 45-70 m). Atlantic: day at 275- 850 m; nyctoepipelagic at surface and down to 225 m (maximum abundance at 25 and 75 m). Non-migrants include all developmental stages. Food: mainly t calanoid copepods; also euphausiids and in small specimens copepodites. Reproduction: caudal glands develop in both sexes from about 25 mm; sexually mature from about 30 mm. Spawning peak (Mediterranean) in late spring-summer with east-to-west progression. Spawns both north and south of the Polar Fronts in the eastern North Atlantic.

Distribution: endemic Mediterranean (mainly western basin) and Atlantic. North temperate pattern (boreoarctic subpattern); between about 80° and 37° N in eastern sector, but with disjunct southern extension between 18° and 11°N, and isolates from Gibraltar to the Mauritanian upwelling region along the edge of the continental shelf; 40° N southern limit in western sector.

Eggs, larvae and young stages. Ehrenbaum, 1909: 355, fig. 135 | Tåning, 1918: 31, fig. 11, 13-14 | Sanzo, 1918d: 33 | Roule & Angel, 1930: 45, pl. 2 (fig. 51) | Tortonese, 1956d: 939, fig. 813 | Moser & Ahlström, 1974: 397, fig. 3a, b.
Otoliths (sagitta). Gaemers & Schwazhans, 1973: 209, pl. 1, fig. 1a-b, pl. 10, fig. 10.

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Order Scopeliformes
Suborder Myctophoidei
Family Myctophidae
Genus Benthosema
Species Benthosema glaciale

Status in World Register of Marine Species

Accepted name: Benthosema glaciale (Reinhardt, 1837)

Scientific synonyms and common names

Benthosema glaciale Reinhardt, 1837

Synonyms:

Scopelus glacialis Reinhardt, 1837, Overs. K. danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., 1832-1836: 8-12 (Greenland). Holotype: ZMUC no. 62.
Scopelus glacialis: Krøyer, 1847: 230-240 Günther, 1864a: 407 Günther, 1887: 196 Lütken, 1892b: 250, fig. 8 Holt, 1898b: 552, pl. 46 (fig. 1-5), pl. 47 (fig. 6-7) Holt & Byrne, 1911: 13, fig. 3 Saemundsson, 1926: 390, fig. 210 Soljan, 1948: 197, fig.
Scopelus mulleri (non Gmelin): Collett, 1875a: 152 (Norway) (misidentification).
Scopelus scoticus Günther, 1889b, Rep. scient. Results Voyage 'Challenger', 31: 31 (no locality). Six syntypes: BMNH no. 1889.7.22.67, 1889.7.22.8.12.
Myctophum glaciale: Smitt, 1893-1895, 1895: 941, fig. 235 Grieg, 1912: 27 Tåning, 1918: 31, fig. 11-14; 1928: 56 Parr, 1928: 60; 1929b: 58-59, fig. 1 Norman, 1929b: 514 Tåning, 1931: pl. 117 (fig. 1) Lozano Rey, 1947: 425, 431-434, fig. 133 Andriashev, 1954: 129, fig. 62 Albuquerque, 1954-1956: 343-344 Dieuzeide et al., 1954: 64-65, fig.
Benthosema glacialis: Goode & Bean, 1896: 76, fig. 85 (pl. XXII).
Myctophum (Myctophum) glaciale: Brauer, 1906: 180-181, fig. 92 Zugmayer, l911a: 24.
Lampanyctus (Myctophum) glacialis: Duncker et al., 1929: 15 (12): h. 147, fig. 4.
Myctophum glacialis: Fowler, 1936: 1225, fig. 523.
Myctophum glaciale knipovitschi Soldatov, 1939, Knipovitch Mem. Vol.: 152, fig. 1 (south-western part of Barents Sea). No type material.
Benthosema glaciale: Fraser-Brunner, 1949c: 1051, fig. Bolin, 1959: 9 Bekker, 1967a: 94-95, fig. 3 Tortonese, 1970e: 215-216, fig. 86A Bini, 1971: 187-188, 2 fig. (one in colour) Geistdoerfer et al., 1971b: 1181.
Myctophum (Benthosema) glaciale: Tortonese, 1958: 318.


Common names:

none

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