Author: Linnaeus, 1766

Caranx hippos Linnaeus, 1766

Diagnosis: well-developed adipose eyelid, more extensive posteriorly. Upper jaw with an irregular series of strong to moderate canines, flanked by an inner band; teeth in lower jaw essentially in a single row. Gillrakers (including rudiments) 3-6 upper, 15-17 lower on first gill arch. Shoulder girdle (cleithrum) margin smooth, without papillae. Dorsal fin VIII + I + 19-22; anal fin II + I + 16-18; terminal ray of dorsal and anal fins closely positioned to adjacent ray and completely attached by inter-radial membrane; height of spinous dorsal fin distinctly shorter than length of soft dorsal fin lobe; dorsal lobe shorter than head length, contained about 4.4-5.7 times in fork length. Straight lateral line with 23-37 scutes; chest naked except for a small median patch of scales in front of pelvic fins. Colour: body greenish to bluish or bluish-black above and silvery white to yellowish or golden below; in adults, a dusky blotch on pectoral fin. Size: to 101 cm total length and 25 kg, common to 60 cm.

Habitat: common on shallow flats, but large fish may occur offshore to depths of 350 m; occurs in moderate to large schools, often found in brackish water and occasionally ascends rivers. Food: primarily other fishes, also shrimps and other invertebrates. Reproduction: see family.

Distribution: eastern Atlantic, Portugal, Madeira and African coast; western Mediterranean. Elsewhere, southward to southern Angola in the eastern Atlantic, and Nova Scotia to Uruguay in the western Atlantic; the eastern Pacific Caranx caninus very closely related.

Eggs, larvae and young stages. Nichols, 1937b: 1-6; 1939: 7 | Berry, 1959a: 505-506, fig. 81-85 | Bini, 1967-1972, 1968, 5: 58, 2 fig.| Rodriguez, 1972: passim.
Otoliths (sagitta). No data.

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Order Perciformes
Suborder Percoidei
Family Carangidae
Genus Caranx
Species Caranx hippos

Status in World Register of Marine Species

Accepted name: Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766)

Scientific synonyms and common names

Caranx hippos Linnaeus, 1766

Synonyms:

Scomber Hippos Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. XII: 494 ('Habitat in Carolina').
Scomber carangus Bloch, 1787, Naturg. Ausl. Fische, 7: 69, pl. 340 (West Indies).
Caranx erythrurus Lacepède, 1798-1803, 1801, Hist. nat. Poiss., 3: 58 & 68 ('Caroline et Tahiti').
Caranx carangus: Cuvier, in Cuv. Val., 1828-1849, 1833, 9: 91 ('Brésil, Cayenne, Martinique, Gorée') Barnard, 1926-1927, 1927: 545.
Caranx crysos (nec Mitchill): Baird, 1855: 336 Gill, 1863: 434.
Carangus hippos: Gill, 1863g: 433.
Caranx caninus Günther, 1869, Trans. zool. Soc. Lond., 6 (7): 432.
Caranx hippos hippos: Nichols, 1920b: 45 (Atlantic coast of United States).
Caranx hippos tropicus: Nichols, 1920b: 45 (Brazil, Congo).
Caranx hippos caninus: Nichols, 1937a: 58 (Gulf of California, Galapagos).
Caranx hippos: Nichols, 1939: 6 Lozano Rey, 1952: 615, fig. 27 Tortonese, 1952b: 302, fig. 11-13 Poll, 1954: 131, fig. 37, pl. 4 (fig. 11 & 3) Albuquerque, 1954-1956: 673 Tortonese, 1955a: 185 Berry, 1959a: 503, fig. 81-85 Tortonese, 1961a: 357 Bini, 1967-1972, 1968, 5: 57, col. fig. Rodriguez, 1972: passim.


Common names:

alla [Es]
caballa [Es]
crevalle jack [En]
grande carangue [Fr]
jurel commun [Es]
kingfish [En]
yellow jack [En]

Albuquerque, R. M. 1954-1956. Peixes de Portugal e ilhas adjacentes. Chavas para a sua determinação. Port. Acta biol., ser. B, 5: xvi+1167 pp., 445 fig.

Barnard, K. H. 1926-1927. A Monograph of the Marine Fishes of South Africa. Part I, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 21: pp. 1-418, fig. 1-18, pl. I-XVII. Part II, ibid., 21: pp. 417-1065, fig. 19-32, pl. XVIII-XXXVIII.

Bloch, M. E. 1788. Ueber Zwey Merkwurdige Fisch-Arten. Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., 1787 [1788], 3: pp. 278-282, 2 pl.

Bloch, M. E.. 1785-1797. Ichthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des Poissons. Avec des figures enluminées, dessinées d'après nature, Berlin, 12 vol., (in 2 séries, 6 vol. in each), 432 pl. 1, 1785: 5 + 206 +1, pl.1-37; 2, 1785: 1 +170 +1, pl. 38-72; 3, 1786: 1+160 +1, pl. 73-107; 4, 1787: 1+ 134 +1, pl. 109-144; 5, 1787: 1+130+1, pl. 145-180; 6, 1788: 1+viii +150 +1, pl. 181-216; 7, 1797: 1+viii +104+1, pl. 217-252; 8, 1797: 1+iv +122+1, pl. 253-288; 9, 1797: 1+110+1, pl. 289-324; 10, 1797: l+v+120+1, pl. 325-360; 11, 1797: 2+136+1, pl. 361-396; 12, 1797: 1+ii+142+2, pl. 397-432.

Cuvier, G.; Valenciennes, A. 1828-1849. Histoire naturelle des Poissons, Paris-Strasbourg, 22 vol., 11030 pp., 621 pl. (numb. 1-650).1,1828: xvi+573 pp., pl. I-VIII [author: Cuvier]; 2, 1828: xxi+490 pp., pl. 9-40 [Cuv.: pp. 1-238, pp. 249-262, pp. 387-490; Val.: pp. 238-249, pp. 262-386]; 3 April 1829: xxiii+500 pp., pl. 41-71 [Cuvier]; 4, 1829: xxvi+518 pp., pl. 72-99 [Cuvier]; 5, 1830: xxviii+499 pp., pl. 100-140 [Cuvier]; 6, 1830: xxiv+pp.559 pp., pl. 141-169 [Val.: pp. 1-425, 493-559; Cuv.: 426-491]; 7, 1831: xxix + 531 pp., pl. 170-208 [Cuv.: 1-440; Val.: pp. 441-531]; 8, 1832: xix+509 pp., pl. 209-245 [Cuv.: pp. 1-470; Val.: pp. 471-509]; 9, 1833: xxix+512 pp., pl. 246-279 [Cuv.: pp. 1-198, pp. 330-359, pp. 372-427; Val.: pp. 199-329, pp. 359-371, pp. 429-512]; 10, 1835: xxiv+482 pp., pl. 280-306 [Val.]; 11, 1836: xx+506 pp., pl. 307-343 [Val.]; 12, 1837: xxix+507 pp., pl. 344-368 [Val.]; 13, 1839: xix+505 pp., pl. 369-388 [Val.]; 14, 1840: xxii+464 pp., pl. 389-420 [Val.]; 15, 1840: xxi + 540 pp., pl. 421-455 [Val.]; 16, 1842: xx+472 pp., pl. 456-487 [Val.]; 17, 1844: xxiii+497 pp., pl. 487-519 [Val.]; 18, 1846: xix+505 pp., pl. 520-553 [Val.]; 19, 1847: xix+544 pp., pl. 554-590 [Val.]; 20, 1847: xviii+472 pp., pl. 591-606 [Val.]; 21, 1848: xiv+536 pp., pl. 607-633 [Val.]; 22, 1849: xx+532 pp., pl. 634-650 [Val.].

Günther, A. 1869. An account of the fishes of the states of Central America, based on collections made by Capt. J. M. Dow, F. Godman, Esq., & 0. Salvin, Esq. Trans. zool. Soc. London, 6 (7): pp. 377-494, 24 pl.

Gill, T. N. 1863g. Synopsis of the carangoids of the eastern coast of North America. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 1862 [1863], 14: pp. 430-433.

Linnaeus, C. 1766. Systema Naturae. Editio duodecima, reformata. Nantes & Pisces: pp. 394-532.

Lozano y Rey, L. 1952. Peces fisoclistos, Subserie Toracicos. Mems R. Acad. Cienc. exact. fis. nat. Madr., ser.: Cien. nat., Primate parte, 14: pp. xv+1-378, fig. 1-20, pl. I-XXX; Segunda parte, 14: pp. 379-705, fig. 21-31, pl. XXI-LI.

Nichols, J. T. 1920b. On the range and geographic variation of Caranx hippos. Copeia, (83): pp. 44-45.

Nichols, J. T. 1937a. On Caranx hippos (Linnaeus) from Ecuador. Copeia, (1): pp. 58-59.

Nichols, J. T. 1937b. Notes on Carangin fishes (1-2). Am. Mus. Novit., (967): pp. 1-6.

Nichols, J. T. 1939. Young Caranx in the Western North Atlantic. Bull Bingham oceanogr. Coll, 7 (2): 9 pp.

Rodriez, R. Vergara. 1972. Analisis taxonomico y consideraciones filogeneticas sobre las especies cubanas del genero Caranx (Teleostei, Perciformes, Carangidae). Centr. Invest. Pesq., La Habana, contrib. 34 : pp. 1-137, 26 fig.

Tortonese, E. 1952b. Monografia dei Carangini viventi nel Mediterraneo (Pisces, Perciformes). Annali Mus. civ. Stor. naf. Giacomo Doria, 65: pp. 259-324, 19 fig.

Tortonese, E. 1955a. Note interno ai Carangidi del Mediterraneo. Archo Oceanogr. Limnol., 10 (3): pp. 185-195, 3 fig.

Tortonese, E. 1961a. Étude comparative des faunes de Carangidae (Poissons Percoides) de la Méditerranée et de l'Atlantique Nord-occidental. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer Méditerr., 16 (2): pp. 357-361.

Berry, F. H. 1959a. Young Jack Crevalles (Caranx species) off the Southeastern Atlantic coast of the United States. Fishery Bull. Fish Wildl. Serv. U.S., (152): pp. 417-535, 98 fig.

Bini, G. 1967-1972. Atlante dei pesci delle Coste italiane. Mondo Sommerso, Milano, 9 vol: I, 1967, Leptocardi, Ciclostomi, Selaci, 206 pp., 66 fig. + 64 col. fig. II, 1971, Osteitti (Acipenseriformi, Clupeiformi, Mictofiformi, Anguilliformi), 300 pp., 73 col. fig. III, 1970, Notacantiformi . . . Zeiformi, 229 pp., 34 fig. + 63 col. fig. IV, 1968, Perciformi (Mugiloidei, Percoidei), 163 pp., 34 fig. + 49 col. fig. V, 1968, Perciformi (Percoidei), 175 pp., 22 fig. + 56 col. fig. VI, 1968, Perciformi (Trichiuroidei . . . Blennioidei), 177 pp., 48 fig + 57 col. fig. VII,1969, Perciformi (Ofidioidei . . . Dactilopteroidei), 196 pp., 57 fig. + 59 col. fig. VIII,1968, Pleuronettiformi, Echeniformi, Gobioesociformi, Tetraodontiformi, Lofiformi, 164 pp., 34 + 63 fig. IX, 1972, Introduzione. Parte generale. Aggiornamenti. Indici. 176 p.

Poll, M. 1954. Poissons. IV. Téléostéens Acanthoptérygiens. Rés. Sci. Expéd. océanogr. belg. Eaux côt. afr. Atlant. Sud (1948-1949), 4 (3A): pp. 1-390, 107 fig., 9 pl.

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