Author: Linnaeus, 1758

Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758

Diagnosis: elongate, becoming deeper with age, caudal peduncle deep, the fish not easily grasped by it. Tip of upper jaw reaching beyond hind margin of eye; lower jaw becomes curved in older males. A staggered line of teeth on shaft of vomer and 2-6 on head of vomer. Gillrakers 13-18. Dorsal finrays iii 8-11, and an adipose fin behind it; pelvic finrays i 8, base below latter half of dorsal fin; anal finrays ii-iii 8-9; caudal fin shallowly forked. Scales small, 118-130 in lateral line, 13-16 obliquely from adipose fin to lateral line. Vertebrae 56-61. Colour: variable, back green/brown, flanks silvery, belly white; black spots on back, on flanks above and below lateral line, and on head, also red spots with light edges; colour in sea more silvery than in freshwaters. Size: to 140 cm in migratory form, or 40 cm in freshwater forms.

Habitat: adults of marine form (sea trout) in inshore waters, often making considerable migrations (300 km not uncommon, over 600 km recorded), juveniles in estuaries; freshwater forms (brown trout, lake trout) in rivers, streams and lakes. Food: crustaceans and small fishes (herring, sprat, sand-eels, smelt); juveniles in freshwater take aquatic larvae of insects and later (as parr) eat winged adult insects, the adult brown trout feeding also on small fishes and crustaceans. Reproduction: spawning runs of sea trout in spring, summer or autumn, but mainly September/October to late January, the adults ascending far upstream and spawning from October to January at 3-4 years of age. Females dig and shape a 'nest' or redd in the gravel bottom, eggs and sperm are ejected simultaneously and the redd covered; spent adults return to the sea. Juveniles remain in streams and rivers as parr for 2-5 years before descending to the sea, where they spend 1-4 years (longer in north than in south). Brown and lake trout remain in freshwater.

Distribution: Atlantic coasts of Europe, from Barents Sea, northern Norway and Baltic southward to North Africa, also off southern Iceland; Black Sea, Sea of Azov, also Caspian and Aral Sea. Freshwater forms in rivers and lakes through area, occasionally straying into Mediterranean.

Subspecies

The following subspecific names are commonly used in the literature:
(marine, anadromous)

Salmo trutta trutta (Sea trout): 13-18 (usually 14-16) gillrakers, and 15-17 scales in oblique row from adipose fin to lateral line; Atlantic coasts; Clofnam 45.1.2.1.
Eggs, larvae and young stages. Winnicki, 1967: 50, pl. 2.
Otoliths (sagitta). Scott, 1906: 76, pl. IIB (fig. 30) | Shepherd, 1914: 109 | Frost, 1925: 157, pl. XII (fig. 45) | Tyslova, 1927: 1, fig. 17 | Sanz Echeverría, 1928: 162, pl. IV (fig. 10), pl. V (fig. 1) | Chaine, 1942: 127, pl. V | Bauzá-Rullán, 1962: 6, pl. 1 (fig. 3-8).

Salmo trutta labrax (Black Sea trout): 18-19 (usually 18) gillrakers, anc. 18-19 scales in oblique row from adipose fin to lateral line; Black Sea, Sea of Azov; Clofnam 45.1.2.2.
Eggs, larvae and young stages. No data.
Otoliths (sagitta). No data.

(freshwater)

Salmo trutta fario (Brown trout). Salmo trutta lacustris (Lake trout).

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Order Clupeiformes
Suborder Salmonoidei
Family Salmonidae
Genus Salmo
Species Salmo trutta

Status in World Register of Marine Species

Accepted name: Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758

Scientific synonyms and common names

Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms:

Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X: 308 ('Habitat in fluviis Europae').

Subspecies:

Salmo trutta trutta
Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758, loc. cit.: 308.
Trutta marina: Moreau, 1881, 3: 537.
Salmo trutta: Day, 1882, 2: 84112 Alm, in Andersson et al., 1942, 2: 613, fig. 264, pl. 108-112 (col.) Lozano Rey, 1947: 108, pl. 4 (fig. 3-4) Poll, 1947: 152, fig. 101 Berg, 1948, 1: 235, fig. 143 Andriashev, 1954: 95 Wheeler, 1969: 152, fig. 56, 60-61, pl. 3 Bini, 1971: 119, col. fig.
Salmo salar var trutta: Smitt, 1895, 2: 850, fig. 211, 212B, pl. XXXVIII (fig. 2-3), pl. XXXIX (fig. 1-2), pl. XL (fig. 3).
Trutta adriatica Kolombatovic, 1890, Glasnik Narav, Druztva, 6: 166. Type in NMW.
Trutta adriatica: Ninni E., 1930: 446, fig. 1 Soljan, 1963: 191, fig. 424.

Salmo trutta labrax
Salmo labrax Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. rosso-asiat., 3: 346-347 ('in ostio portus Sevastipolitani, unde in rivum Bijukosen frequenter adscendit, . . .').
Salmo nobilis (nec Olafsen): Pallas, 1811, ibid.: 342, partly ('e Ponto, in Danubium').
Salmo trutta: Pallas, 1811, ibid.: 347 ('ad littus meridionale Chersonesi Tauricae, Soldajae').
Salmo trutta (pallasii) Günther, 1866, Cat. Fish, 6: 112 (after Pallas, 1811).
Salmo salar labrax: Berg, 1908, Ann. Mus. zool. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 13 (3): 257.
Salmo trutta pallasi: Berg, 1910, 15 (1): 166.
Salmo trutta labrax: Berg, 1916: 43, fig. 57 (partly); 1948, 1: 239, fig. 144 Banairescu, 1964: 263, fig. 111-112 Svetovidov, 1964: 143, fig. 39.


Common names:

chernomorska pstrva [Bu]
chernomorskyi losos' [Ru]
denizala [Tu]
hauørred [Da]
havs lax [Sv]
kumzha [Ru]
Meerforelle [De]
öring [Sv]
pastrav de mare [Ro]
sapeira [Pr]
schotje [Ne]
sea or brown trout [En]
sjøaure [No]
sjøørret [No]
taimen [Ru]
taimen [Su]
troc [Pl]
trout [En]
trucha [Es]
truite d'europe [Fr]
truite de mer [Fr]
truta marinha [Pr]
zeeforel [Ne]

Andersson, K. A., ed. 1942. Fiskar och fiske i Norden. 1, Fiskar och fiske i havet. Stockholm, xvi+540 pp., 83 col. pl., 230 fig. 2, Fiskar och Fiske i Sjör och Floder: pp. xvii-xxiv+541-1016, fig. 231-426, col. pl. 84-128. (New edition in 1954, 2: pp. 425-769, 190 fig., 42 col. pl.)

Andriashev, A. P. 1954. Ryby severnykh morei SSSR. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Moskwa-Leningrad. (English trans. 1964, Jerusalem, IPST, 617 pp., 300 fig.)

Banarescu, P. 1964. Pisces. Osteichthyes. Fauna Repub. pop. rom., Bucuresti, 13: 1-962, 402 fig.

Bauzá-Rullán, J. 1962. Contribución al estudio de los otolitos de peces. Boln R. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. (Biol.), 60: 5-26, pl. I-VI.

Berg, L. S. 1908b. Sur le saumon de la mer Noire (Salmo salar labrax Pall.). Ezheg. zool. Muz. [Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad Sci. St.-Pétersb.], 13 (4): pp. 255-266 (in Russian).

Berg, L. S. 1910. Rapport sur une Mission zoologique au Caucase en 1909. Ezheg. zool. Muz. [Ann. Mus. ZooL Acad Sci. St.-Pétersb.], 15 (1): pp. 153-170 (in Russian).

Berg, L. S. 1916b. Les poissons des eaux douces de la Russie, Moscou: xxvii+563 pp., 365 fig. (Russian).

Berg, L. S. 1948-1949. Ryby presnykh vod SSSR i sopredel'nykh stran, 4 ed., 1, Opred. pofaune SSSR, no. 27, 1948: pp. 1-466, fig. 1-281; 2, ibid., no. 29, 1949: pp. 467-925, fig. 282-674; 3, ibid., no. 30, 1949: pp. 927-1382, fig. 675-946, map (in Russian).

Bini, G. 1967-1972. Atlante dei pesci delle Coste italiane. Mondo Sommerso, Milano, 9 vol: I, 1967, Leptocardi, Ciclostomi, Selaci, 206 pp., 66 fig. + 64 col. fig. II, 1971, Osteitti (Acipenseriformi, Clupeiformi, Mictofiformi, Anguilliformi), 300 pp., 73 col. fig. III, 1970, Notacantiformi . . . Zeiformi, 229 pp., 34 fig. + 63 col. fig. IV, 1968, Perciformi (Mugiloidei, Percoidei), 163 pp., 34 fig. + 49 col. fig. V, 1968, Perciformi (Percoidei), 175 pp., 22 fig. + 56 col. fig. VI, 1968, Perciformi (Trichiuroidei . . . Blennioidei), 177 pp., 48 fig + 57 col. fig. VII,1969, Perciformi (Ofidioidei . . . Dactilopteroidei), 196 pp., 57 fig. + 59 col. fig. VIII,1968, Pleuronettiformi, Echeniformi, Gobioesociformi, Tetraodontiformi, Lofiformi, 164 pp., 34 + 63 fig. IX, 1972, Introduzione. Parte generale. Aggiornamenti. Indici. 176 p.

Chaine, J. 1942. Recherches sur les otolithes des Poissons. . . Act. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 92: 3-135, 6 pl.

Day, F. 1880-1884. The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. London-Edinburgh, 2 vol., cxii+336 pp., 5 +7 fig., 92 pl. and 388 pp., 87 pl. 1880: 1(1): pp. 1-64, pl. I-XXVII; 1881: 1(2) (3): pp. 65-240, pl. XXVIII-LXVIII; 1882: 1(4): pp. 241-336, pl. LXIX-XCII; 2 (5): pp. 1-96, pl. XCIII-CXVI; 1883: 2 (6): pp. 97-176, pl. CXVII-CXXXII; 2 (7): pp. 177-272, pl. CXXXIII-CXLVIII; 1884: 2 (8): pp. 273-368, pl. CXLIX-CLXXIX.

Frost, G. A. 1925. A comparative study of the otoliths of the Neopterygian Fishes, I, Order Isospondyli. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9)15 :151-163, pl. XI-XIII.

Günther, A. 1866. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. 6. Catalogue of the Physostomi containing the families Salmonidae, Percopsidae, Galaxidae, Mormyridae, Gymnarchidae, Esocidae, Umbridae, Scombresocidae, Cyprinodontidae in the collection of the British Museum. London, pp. xv+368 p.

Kolombatovic, C. 1890. Notizie ittiologiche. ClasnikMarav. Druztva, Zagreb, 6 :165-167.

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, ed. X, vol. 1, 824 pp. Nantes & Pisces: pp. 230-338. (Reprint, 1956, London.)

Lozano y Rey, L. 1947. Peces Ganoideos y Fisostomos, Mems R. Acad. Cienc. exact. fis. nat. Madr., ser.: Cienc. Nat., 11: xv + 839 p., 190 fig., 20 pl.

Moreau, E. 1881-1891. Histoire naturelle des poissons de la France, Paris, I, 1881: pp. I-VII+1-480, fig. 1-82; II, 1881: pp. 1-572, fig. 83-145; III, 1881: pp. 1-697, fig. 146-220; Suppl., 1891: pp. 1-144, fig. 221-227.

Ninni, E. 1930. Sopra la Truth adriatica (Kolomb.) Bull Soc. Zool France, 55: 446451,1 fig.

Pallas, P. S. 1811 [probably 1814]. Zoographia rosso-asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones anatomen atque icones plurimorum, 3 vol. Petropoli, 3, 428 pp. (pl. [1], XIII, XIV, XV, XXI, XX (sic)) (89 pl. are mentioned in the text but are unpublished. Perhaps published in Icones ad Zoographiam Rosso-Asiaticam, 1834-427.). (2nd ed., 1831, 3 vol. and Atlas, Petropoli.)

Poll, M. 1947. Poissons marins in Faune de Belgique. Bruxelles, 452 pp., 267 fig., 2 pl., 2 maps n. num. (inset).

Sanz Echeverria, J. 1928. Investigaciones sobre otolitos de peces de España. Boln R. Soc. esp. Hist. nat., 28 (1): 159-166, pl. IV-V.

Scott, T. 1906. Observations on the otoliths of some teleostean fishes. 24. Rep. Fishery Bd Scotl., 1905 [1906], 3: 48-82, 5 pl.

Shepherd, C. E. 1914. On the location of the sacculus and its contained otoliths in fishes. Zoologist, Lond., (4)18: 103-109, 131-146, 3 fig.

Smitt, F. A. 1893-1895. (ed.) A history of Scandinavian fishes, Stockholm and Paris, Atlas, I, 1893, pl. i-xxvii.

Soljan, T. 1963. Fishes of the Adriatic (Ribe Jadrana). Fauna et flora adriatica 1 (revised and enlarged for the English edition), 428 pp., many unnumbered fig.

Svetovidov, A. N. 1964. Rîbî Chernogo Morya. [The fishes of the Black Sea]. Opred Faune SSSR, 86: pp. 1-552, fig. 1-191 (in Russian).

Tylová, M. 1927. Morfologi vnitrui struktura statolitu nasich Teleostei [Morphology and structure of statoliths of our Teleostean Fishes]. Rozpr. csl. Akad. Ved. (mat. prir ), 28: 402-411, fig. 1-35+ 1-12 (pl. I-II); 36: 1-20, 2 tab., 38 fig.

Wheeler, A. 1969. The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Macmillan, London, Melbourne and Toronto: pp. i-xvii+1-163, 5+177 fig., 392 fig. (princ. sp.), 92 n. num. fig., 16 pl., maps.

Winnicki, A. 1967. Embryonic development and growth of Salmo trutta L. and Salmo gairdneri Rich. in conditions infavourable to respiration. Zool. Polon., 17 (1-2): pp. 45-58.

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