Author: Linnaeus, 1758

Scophthalmus rhombus Linnaeus, 1758

Diagnosis: lower part of anterior gill arch with 11-13 rakers. Dorsal fin with 73-83 rays, the anterior of which generally much branched and more or less free from membrane distally; anal fin with 56-62 rays. Small cycloid scales on both sides of body. Colour: brownish or greyish, often with numerous small, dark spots. Size: to about 75 cm SL.

Habitat, Food, Reproduction: see genus.

Distribution: whole Mediterranean and Black Sea; also eastern Atlantic along European coasts to 64° N.

Eggs, larvae and young stages. Ehrenbaum, 1905: 198-202 | Norman, 1934: 269 |Padoa, 1956: 820-824 | Jones, 1972: 965-986, fig. 14-15.
Otoliths (sagitta). Norman, 1934: 8, fig. 8E | Chaine, 1936: 66, pl. V | Bauzá-Rullán, 1959: 99, pl. IV (fig. 1-13) | Schmidt, 1968: 59-60.

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Order Pleuronectiformes
Suborder Pleuronectoidei
Family Scophthalmidae
Genus Scophthalmus
Species Scophthalmus rhombus

Status in World Register of Marine Species

Accepted name: Scophthalmus rhombus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Scientific synonyms and common names

Scophthalmus rhombus Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms:

Pleuronectes Rhombus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X: 271 ('Habitat in Oceano Europaeo').
Pleuronectes cristatus Lichtenstein, in Bloch & Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichth.: 153.
Rhombus laevis Turton, 1802,1: 764.
Pleuronectes rhombus: Lacepède, 1802, 4: 649 Quensel, 1806: 54, 207 Risso, 1810: 315 Jordan & Goss, 1889: 258.
Scophthalmus rhombus: Rafinesque, 1810: 14 Norman, 1931, (10) 8: 513; 1934: 268-270, fig. 207 Bini, 1968, 8: 23-24, col. fig. Wheeler, 1969: 519, fig. Tortonese, 1971: 325.
Rhombus rhombus: Cuvier, 1817: 222 de Buen, 1926: 97.
Rhombus cristatus: Cuvier, 1817: 222.
Rhombus barbatus Risso, 1826, Hist. nat. Eur. mérid., 3: 251.
Pleuronectes lioderma Nardo, 1827, Isis, 20 (6): 481.
Rhombus laevis: Bonaparte, 1833: [4] Nilsson, 1855: 638 Günther, 1862, 4: 410 Steindachner, 1868: 714 Day, 1882, 2: 14, pl. XCVII Moreau, 1881, 3: 340 Schnakenbeck, in Joubin, 1930: fiche 380.
Rhombus vulgaris Kröyer, 1845, Danmarks Fiske, 2: 405, fig.
Psetta rhombus: Bonaparte, 1846: 49.
Platessa pavonina Costa, 1847, Fauna R. Napoli, 2 (55-58): 5.
Rhombus vulgaris: Costa, 1847: 10, pl. XLII Yarrell, 1859: 641, fig.
Pleuronectes passer Gray, 1854, Cat. Fish. Gronow: 90.
Rhombus linnei Malm, 1877, Göteborgs Bohusläns Faun.: 513.
Bothus rhombus: Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, 5: 577 Smitt, 1893: 441, pl. XVIII (fig. 2) Chabanaud, 1931b: 21 .

Common names:

barbue [Fr]
brill [En]
Glattbutt [De]
griet [Ne]
kalkan [Ru]
Kleist [De]
rémol [Es]
rodovalho [Pr]
romb [Ru]
rombo liscia [It]
slätvar [Sv]
slethvarre [Da]
slettvar [No]

Padoa, E. 1956b. Triglidae, Peristediidae, Dactylopteridae, Gobiidae, Echeneidae, Jugulares, Gobiesocidae, Heterosomata, Pediculati in Uova, larve e stadi giovanili di Teleostei. Fauna Flora Golfo Napoli, 38: pp. 627-888, fig. 504-785, pl. XXXIX-L.

Bauzá-Rullán, J. 1960a. Contribución al conocimiento de otolitos de peces. Boln R. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. (Biol.), 57, 1959: 89-118, pl. I-VIII.

Bini, G. 1967-1972. Atlante dei pesci delle Coste italiane. Mondo Sommerso, Milano, 9 vol: I, 1967, Leptocardi, Ciclostomi, Selaci, 206 pp., 66 fig. + 64 col. fig. II, 1971, Osteitti (Acipenseriformi, Clupeiformi, Mictofiformi, Anguilliformi), 300 pp., 73 col. fig. III, 1970, Notacantiformi . . . Zeiformi, 229 pp., 34 fig. + 63 col. fig. IV, 1968, Perciformi (Mugiloidei, Percoidei), 163 pp., 34 fig. + 49 col. fig. V, 1968, Perciformi (Percoidei), 175 pp., 22 fig. + 56 col. fig. VI, 1968, Perciformi (Trichiuroidei . . . Blennioidei), 177 pp., 48 fig + 57 col. fig. VII,1969, Perciformi (Ofidioidei . . . Dactilopteroidei), 196 pp., 57 fig. + 59 col. fig. VIII,1968, Pleuronettiformi, Echeniformi, Gobioesociformi, Tetraodontiformi, Lofiformi, 164 pp., 34 + 63 fig. IX, 1972, Introduzione. Parte generale. Aggiornamenti. Indici. 176 p.

Bloch, M. E.; Schneider, J. G. 1801. M. E. Blochii Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit J. G. Schneider, Saxo. Berolini: Ix+584 pp., 110 pl.

Bonaparte, C. L. 1832-1841. Iconografia della Fauna italica per le quattro classi degli Animali Vertebrati, tomo III, Pesci, Roma, without pagination, 75 puntate (in 30 fasc.), 78 pl. 1832: Fasc. I (Puntate 1-6), 2 pl.; 1833: II-V (pp. 7-28),12 pl.; 1834: VI-XI (pp. 29-58), 12 pl.; 1835: XII-XIV (pp. 59-79), 12 pl.; 1836: XV-XVIII (pp. 80-93), 10 pl.; 1837: XIX-XXI (pp. 94-103, pp. 105-109), 5 pl.; 1838: XXII-XXIII (pp. 104, pp. 110-120), 2 pl.; 1839: XXIV-XXVI (pp. 121-135), 8 pl.; 1840: XXVII-XXIX (pp. 136-154), 10 pl.; 1841: XXX (pp. 155-160), 5 pl.

Bonaparte, C. L. 1845. Catalogo metodico dei pesci europei. Atti. Soc. ital. Sci. nat., pp. 1-95 (also publ. sep., Napoli, 1846, 97 pp.).

Buen, F. de 1926. Catalogo ictiologico del Mediterraneo Español y de Marruecos, recopilando lo publicado sobre peces de las costas mediterraneas y proximas del Atlantico (Mar de España). Resultados Camp. int. Inst. esp. Oceanopr., 2: pp. 1-221, map.

Chabanaud, P. 1931c. Les poissons pleuronectes de la Méditerranée (Pisces Heterosomata). Mém. Ass. nat. Nice Alpes-Maritimes, Suppl. au 'Riviera Scientifique', 2: 40 p.

Chaine, J. 1936. Recherches sur les otolithes des Poissons. . . (suite). Act. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 88: pp. 5-246, 15 pl.

Costa, O. G. 1829-1857. Fauna del regno di Napoli, ossia enumerazione di tutti gli animali, Pesci, 3 pts, 70 fasc. Part. 1, 1829-1853, 511 pp., 60 pl.; Part 2, 1842-1853, 148 pp., 69 pl.; Part 3, 1837-1857, 101 pp., 17 pl. (For publications dates see Sherborn, 1937, J. Soc. Biblphy nat. Hist., 1(2): 35.)

Cuvier, G. 1817b. Le règne animal distribué d'après son orginisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée, 4 vol. Paris. Poissons, 2: 104-351.

Day, F. 1880-1884. The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. London-Edinburgh, 2 vol., cxii+336 pp., 5 +7 fig., 92 pl. and 388 pp., 87 pl. 1880: 1(1): pp. 1-64, pl. I-XXVII; 1881: 1(2) (3): pp. 65-240, pl. XXVIII-LXVIII; 1882: 1(4): pp. 241-336, pl. LXIX-XCII; 2 (5): pp. 1-96, pl. XCIII-CXVI; 1883: 2 (6): pp. 97-176, pl. CXVII-CXXXII; 2 (7): pp. 177-272, pl. CXXXIII-CXLVIII; 1884: 2 (8): pp. 273-368, pl. CXLIX-CLXXIX.

Ehrenbaum, E. 1905-1909. Eier und Larven von Fischen der Nordischen Planktons, Teil I, 1905, 4: iv + I 1-I 216 + iii, fig. 1-82; Teil II, 1909, 10: I 217-I 413, fig. 83-147.

Gray, J. E. 1854. Catalogue of fishes collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum: vii + 196 p.

Günther, A. 1862. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. 4. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii Pharyngognathi and Anacanthini in the collection of the British Museum. London, xxi+534 pp.

Jones, A. 1972. Studies on egg development and larval rearing of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. and brill, Scophthalmusrhombus L. in the laboratory. J. Mar. Biol Ass. U.K, 52 (4): 965-986, 15 fig.

Jordan, D. S.; Gilbert, C. H. 1883a. On certain neglected generic names of Lacepede. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. S, 1882[1883]: pp. 570-576.

Jordan, D. S.; Goss, D. K. 1889. A review of the flounders and soles (Pleuronectidae) c. America and Europe, Rept. U.S. Commnr Fish. for 1886,14: pp. 225-342, 9 pl. (23 fig.).

Kröyer, H. N. 1838-1853. Danmarks Fiske. Kjøbenhavn. 1, 1838: 616 pp.; 2, 1843-45: 644 pp.; 3, 1846: 320 pp.; 4, 1849: pp. 321-640; 1852: pp. 641-960; 1853: pp. 961-1279.

Lacepède, B. 1798-1803. Histoire naturelle des Poissons, 5 vol. in-4, Paris. I: 1798, 8+cxlvii+532 pp., 25 pl., 1 tabl. (inset); II: 1800, Ixiv+632 pp., 20 pl.; III: 1801, 558 pp., 34 pl.; IV: 1802, xliv+728 pp., 16 pl.; V: 1803, xlviii+803 pp., 21 pl.

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, ed. X, vol. 1, 824 pp. Nantes & Pisces: pp. 230-338. (Reprint, 1956, London.)

Malm, A. W. 1877. Göteborg och Bohusläns fauna. Ryggradsdjuren. Göteborg, 674 p., 9 pl.

Moreau, E. 1881-1891. Histoire naturelle des poissons de la France, Paris, I, 1881: pp. I-VII+1-480, fig. 1-82; II, 1881: pp. 1-572, fig. 83-145; III, 1881: pp. 1-697, fig. 146-220; Suppl., 1891: pp. 1-144, fig. 221-227.

Nardo, G. D. 1827a. Prodromus observationum et disquisitionum Adriaticae ichthyologiae. Giorn. Fisica Nat. Pavia, 10: pp. 22-40 (also publ. in Isis, 1826: pp. 473-488).

Nilsson, S. 1855. Skandinavisk Fauna. Fjerde Delen: Fiskarna, Lund: xxxiv+768 p.

Norman, J. R. 1934. A systematic monograph of the flatfishes (Heterosomata). Vol. 1. London, 459 pp.

Quensel, C. 1806. Försök att närmare bestämma och naturligare uppställa svenska arterna af flunderslägtet. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., 27: 44-56, 203-233.

Risso, A. 1810. Ichthyologie de Nice, ou histoire naturelle des poissons du département des Alpes Maritimes. Paris, xxxvi+388 pp., 11 pl. (Reprint, 1966, Asher, Amsterdam.)

Risso, A. 1826. Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. Paris et Strasbourg, vol. III, XVI+486 pp., 16 pl.

Schmidt, W. 1968. Vergleichend morphologische Studie über die Otolithen mariner Knochenfische. Arch. FischWiss., 19 (1): pp. 1-96, 184 fig., 25 pl.

Schnakenbeck, W. 1930. Pleuronectidae. In: L. Joubin, ed., Faune ichthyol. Atlant. N., Copenhagen: fiches 386-393.

Smitt, F. A. 1893-1895. (ed.) A history of Scandinavian fishes, Stockholm and Paris, Atlas, I, 1893, pl. i-xxvii.

Steindachner, F. 1868a. Ichthyologischer Bericht über eine nach Spanien und Portugal untermommene Reise. Übersicht der Meeresfische an den Kusten Spanien's und Portugal's. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien., 57 (1): 351-424, 667-738, 6 pl.

Tortonese, E. 1971. I Pesci Pleuronettiformi delle coste romane del Mar Nero in relazione alle forrne affini viventi nel Mediterraneo. Ann. Mus. St. Nat. Cenova, 78: pp. 322-352,1 fig. 1 pl.

Turton, W. 1802. A general system of nature . . . translated from Gmelin's last edition of the Systema Naturae . . . amended and enlarged by W. Turton, 4 vol.

Wheeler, A. 1969. The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Macmillan, London, Melbourne and Toronto: pp. i-xvii+1-163, 5+177 fig., 392 fig. (princ. sp.), 92 n. num. fig., 16 pl., maps.

Yarrell, W. 1836-1839. A History of British fishes, illustrated by nearly 400 wood-cuts, in two volumes, London, 1836,1: xxxvii+408 pp., 2: 472 pp., fig. n. num.; 1839, supplement: vi+48 pp., fig. (2nd ed., 1841, with suppl.; 3rd ed., 1859, additional species by J. Richardson, 1: xxxviii+675 pp., 2: 670 pp., 522 fig.).

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