Author: (Linnaeus, 1758)

Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Diagnosis: body ovoid, rather deep; upper profile of head depressed above eye; snout short. Scales on cheek and opercle, preopercle scaleless. In each jaw 4-6 rows of conical and rather slender teeth, the outer enlarged, especially in front of jaw; gillrakers 14-16 lower, 8-9 upper. D Xl + 11 13; A 111 + 9-11. Lateral line scales 66-75 to caudal base. Colour: silvery grey with bluish, greenish and pinkish tints; interorbital space and snout darker; on sides, longitudinal golden lines more or less discontinuous; fins dusky, generally caudal with black margin. Size: to 60 cm SL, usually 20-30 cm.

Habitat: inshore waters on rocky or sandy bottoms and Posidonia beds to 50 m (young) and 300 m (adults). Gregarious, sometimes in large schools. Food: omnivorous (algae, small invertebrates, mainly crustaceans). Reproduction: February-May, eggs laid in sand; hermaphroditic protogynous.

Distributon: all Mediterranean; very rare in Black Sea; Atlantic from Scandinavia to Angola; Madeira, the Canaries and the Cape Verde Is.

Eggs, larvae and young stages. Raffaele, 1888: 318 | Ehrenbaum, 1905: 20 | Lo Bianco, 1909: 703 | Williamson, 1911: 15 | Fage, 1918: 46, fig. 33-34 | Ranzi, 1930: 407 416; 1933: 374, pl. 30 (fig. 6-16).
Otoliths (sagitta). Sanz Echeverría, 1926: 154, fig. 48; 1938: 176, fig. 21-23 | Frost, 1927: 301, pl. 5 (fig. 17) | Chaine, 1937: 175, pl. 16.

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Order Perciformes
Suborder Percoidei
Family Sparidae
Genus Spondyliosoma
Species Spondyliosoma cantharus

Status in World Register of Marine Species

Accepted name: Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Scientific synonyms and common names

Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms:

Sparus Cantharus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X: 280 ('Habitat in M. infero').
Sparus brama Bloch, 1791, Nat. Ausl. Fische, 5: 77.
Sparus lineatus Montagu, 1815, Mem. Werner nat. Hist. Soc., 2: 451, pl. 23 (England).
Cantharus tanuda Risso, 1826, Hist. nat. Europe mérid., 3: 366 (Nice). Type: MNHN no. B 865.
Cantharus vulgaris Valenciennes, 1830, in Cuv. Val., Hist. nat. Poiss., 6: 319, pl. 160 (Mediterranean). Three syntypes: MNHN no. 5554, 8780, 8800.
Cantharus orbicularis Valenciennes, 1830, in Cuv. Val., Hist. nat. Poiss., 6: 331 (Corsica).
Cantharus griseus Valenciennes, 1830, in Cuv. Val., Hist. nat. Poiss., 6: 333 (English Channel). Holotype: MNHN no. 9124; 3 paratypes: MNHN no. 1717, 8802, A 7989.
Cantharus lineatus: Günther, 1859,1: 413 Steindachner, 1867: 649 Day, 1880: 26 pl. 9 Nobre, 1935: 37, pl. 5 (fig. 14) Soljan, 1963: 332, fig. 766.
Cantharus griseus: Moreau, 1881, 3: 49.
Cantharus brama: Moreau, 1881, 3: 52 Doderlein, 1891: 198.
Cantharus orbicularis: Moreau, 1881, 3: 54 Doderlein, 1891: 200.
Spondyliosoma cantharus: Jordan & Fesler, 1889, 17: 530 (S. Europe, north to England) Norman, 1935: 6, fig. 1 Fowler, 1936, 2: 853, fig. 369 Lozano Rey, 1952: 190, pl. 14 (fig. 1) Dieuzeide et al., 1955: 57, fig. Svetovidov, 1964: 280, fig. 84 Bini, 1968, 4: 151, fig. Wheeler, 1969: 357, fig., map., pl. 11.
Cantharus cantharus: Cadenat, 1951: 211, fig. 148 Poll, 1954: 350, fig. 99 Stoianov, 1963: 121.


Common names:

black sea bream [En]
black sea bream [En]
brême de mer[Fr]
cantarella[It]
chopa [Es]
choupa [Pr]
dorade grise [Fr]
griset [Fr]
havkarudse [No]
havrude [Da]
kannuta [Ar
kantar [Iw]
kantor [Hr]
pargo chopra [Es]
sarigöz [Tu]
scatàri [He]
Seekarpfen [De]
tannuta [Mlt]
tanuda [Ar]
tanuta [It]
zeekarper [Ne]

*Günther, A. 1859. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. 1. Gasterosteidae, Berycidae, Percidae, Aphredoderidae, Pristipomatidae, Mullidae, Sparidae. London, pp. xxxi+524.

*Nobre, A. 1935. Fauna marinha de Portugal. 1. Vertebrados (Mamiferos, Reptis e Peixes), Porto.: pp. Ixxxiv+1-21 (Mamiferos); pp. 1-5 (Reptis); pp. 1-574 (Peixes), pl. 1-77, phot. 1-64.

Bini, G. 1967-1972. Atlante dei pesci delle Coste italiane. Mondo Sommerso, Milano, 9 vol: I, 1967, Leptocardi, Ciclostomi, Selaci, 206 pp., 66 fig. + 64 col. fig. II, 1971, Osteitti (Acipenseriformi, Clupeiformi, Mictofiformi, Anguilliformi), 300 pp., 73 col. fig. III, 1970, Notacantiformi . . . Zeiformi, 229 pp., 34 fig. + 63 col. fig. IV, 1968, Perciformi (Mugiloidei, Percoidei), 163 pp., 34 fig. + 49 col. fig. V, 1968, Perciformi (Percoidei), 175 pp., 22 fig. + 56 col. fig. VI, 1968, Perciformi (Trichiuroidei . . . Blennioidei), 177 pp., 48 fig + 57 col. fig. VII,1969, Perciformi (Ofidioidei . . . Dactilopteroidei), 196 pp., 57 fig. + 59 col. fig. VIII,1968, Pleuronettiformi, Echeniformi, Gobioesociformi, Tetraodontiformi, Lofiformi, 164 pp., 34 + 63 fig. IX, 1972, Introduzione. Parte generale. Aggiornamenti. Indici. 176 p.

Cadenat, J. 1951. Poissons de mer du Sénégal, Initiations africaines, III, Inst. fr. Afr. noire, Dakar, 1950 [1951]: 345 pp., 241 fig.

Chaine, J. 1937. Recherches sur les otolithes des Poissons. . . (suite). Act. Soc. linn. Bordeaux, 89: pp. 1-252, 20 pl.

Cuvier, G.; Valenciennes, A. 1828-1849. Histoire naturelle des Poissons, Paris-Strasbourg, 22 vol., 11030 pp., 621 pl. (numb. 1-650).1,1828: xvi+573 pp., pl. I-VIII [author: Cuvier]; 2, 1828: xxi+490 pp., pl. 9-40 [Cuv.: pp. 1-238, pp. 249-262, pp. 387-490; Val.: pp. 238-249, pp. 262-386]; 3 April 1829: xxiii+500 pp., pl. 41-71 [Cuvier]; 4, 1829: xxvi+518 pp., pl. 72-99 [Cuvier]; 5, 1830: xxviii+499 pp., pl. 100-140 [Cuvier]; 6, 1830: xxiv+pp.559 pp., pl. 141-169 [Val.: pp. 1-425, 493-559; Cuv.: 426-491]; 7, 1831: xxix + 531 pp., pl. 170-208 [Cuv.: 1-440; Val.: pp. 441-531]; 8, 1832: xix+509 pp., pl. 209-245 [Cuv.: pp. 1-470; Val.: pp. 471-509]; 9, 1833: xxix+512 pp., pl. 246-279 [Cuv.: pp. 1-198, pp. 330-359, pp. 372-427; Val.: pp. 199-329, pp. 359-371, pp. 429-512]; 10, 1835: xxiv+482 pp., pl. 280-306 [Val.]; 11, 1836: xx+506 pp., pl. 307-343 [Val.]; 12, 1837: xxix+507 pp., pl. 344-368 [Val.]; 13, 1839: xix+505 pp., pl. 369-388 [Val.]; 14, 1840: xxii+464 pp., pl. 389-420 [Val.]; 15, 1840: xxi + 540 pp., pl. 421-455 [Val.]; 16, 1842: xx+472 pp., pl. 456-487 [Val.]; 17, 1844: xxiii+497 pp., pl. 487-519 [Val.]; 18, 1846: xix+505 pp., pl. 520-553 [Val.]; 19, 1847: xix+544 pp., pl. 554-590 [Val.]; 20, 1847: xviii+472 pp., pl. 591-606 [Val.]; 21, 1848: xiv+536 pp., pl. 607-633 [Val.]; 22, 1849: xx+532 pp., pl. 634-650 [Val.].

Day, F. 1880-1884. The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. London-Edinburgh, 2 vol., cxii+336 pp., 5 +7 fig., 92 pl. and 388 pp., 87 pl. 1880: 1(1): pp. 1-64, pl. I-XXVII; 1881: 1(2) (3): pp. 65-240, pl. XXVIII-LXVIII; 1882: 1(4): pp. 241-336, pl. LXIX-XCII; 2 (5): pp. 1-96, pl. XCIII-CXVI; 1883: 2 (6): pp. 97-176, pl. CXVII-CXXXII; 2 (7): pp. 177-272, pl. CXXXIII-CXLVIII; 1884: 2 (8): pp. 273-368, pl. CXLIX-CLXXIX.

Dieuzeide, R.; Novella, M. (collab. J. Roland), 1953-1955. Catalogue des Poissons des Côtes algériennes. Bull. Stn Aquic. Pêch. Castiglione, I (n.s.), (4), 1952 [1953]: pp. 1-135, 73 fig. n. num.; II (n.s.), (5), 1953 [1954]: pp. 1-258, 135 fig. n. num.; III (n.s.), (6), 1954 [1955]: pp. 1-384, 202 fig. n. num.

Döderlein, P. 1879-1891. Manuale Ittiologico del Mediterraneo ossia senossi metodica delle varie specie di pesci riscontrate sin qui nel Mediterraneo ed in particolare nei mari di Sicilia. Palermo, 1879-1891 (on title: '1879-1880') 5 parts: I, 1879: viii+67 pp.; II, 1881: pp. 1-120; III, 1884: pp. 121-258; IV, 1889: pp. 1-188; V, 1891: pp. 189-320.

Ehrenbaum, E. 1905-1909. Eier und Larven von Fischen der Nordischen Planktons, Teil I, 1905, 4: iv + I 1-I 216 + iii, fig. 1-82; Teil II, 1909, 10: I 217-I 413, fig. 83-147.

Fage, L. 1918. Shore-Fishes. Rep. Dan. oceanogr. Exped. Mediterr...., 2, Biology, (A.3): 154 pp., 114 fig., 16 maps.

Fowler, H. W. 1936. The Marine Fishes of West Africa, based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition 1909-1915. Bull. am. Mus. nat. Hist., 70 (1), Jan. 21, 1936: pp. vii+1-606, fig. 1-275; (2), Nov. 18, 1936: pp. 607-1493, fig. 276-567.

Frost, G. A. 1927b. A comparative study of the otoliths of the Neopterygian Fishes. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 20: pp. 298-315, pl. V.

Jordan, D. S.; Fesler, B. 1893. A review of the Sparoid Fishes of America and Europe. Rep. U.S. Commnr Fish. for 1889-1891, 17: pp. 421-544, 55 pl.

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, ed. X, vol. 1, 824 pp. Nantes & Pisces: pp. 230-338. (Reprint, 1956, London.)

Lo Bianco, S. 1909. Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del golfo di Napoli. Mitt. zool Stn Neapel, 19: pp. 513-761.

Lozano y Rey, L. 1952. Peces fisoclistos, Subserie Toracicos. Mems R. Acad. Cienc. exact. fis. nat. Madr., ser.: Cien. nat., Primate parte, 14: pp. xv+1-378, fig. 1-20, pl. I-XXX; Segunda parte, 14: pp. 379-705, fig. 21-31, pl. XXI-LI.

Montagu, G. 1818. An account of several new and rare species of fishes, taken on the south coast of Devonshire, with some remarks on some others of more common occurrence. Mem. Wern. nat. Hist. Soc., Edinb., 2, 1811-16: 413-463, pl. XXI-XXIII.

Moreau, E. 1881-1891. Histoire naturelle des poissons de la France, Paris, I, 1881: pp. I-VII+1-480, fig. 1-82; II, 1881: pp. 1-572, fig. 83-145; III, 1881: pp. 1-697, fig. 146-220; Suppl., 1891: pp. 1-144, fig. 221-227.

Norman, J. R. 1935c. The European and South African Sea Breams of the genus Spondyliosoma and related genera. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 32: pp. 5-22.

Poll, M. 1954. Poissons. IV. Téléostéens Acanthoptérygiens. Rés. Sci. Expéd. océanogr. belg. Eaux côt. afr. Atlant. Sud (1948-1949), 4 (3A): pp. 1-390, 107 fig., 9 pl.

Raffaele, F. 1888. Le uova galleggianti e le larve dei Teleostei nel golfo di Napoli. Mitt. zool. Stn Neapel, 8: 84 p., 5 pl.

Ranzi, S. 1930. Stadi giovanili di Sparidi del Golfo di Napoli. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, 10: 407-416.

Ranzi, S. 1933. Sparidae, Lobotidae in Uova, larve e stadi giovanili di Teleostei. Fauna Flora Golfo Napoli, 38: 332-383, fig. 257-262, pl. XXII-XXX.

Risso, A. 1826. Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. Paris et Strasbourg, vol. III, XVI+486 pp., 16 pl.

Sanz Echeverria, J. 1926. Datos sobre el otolito, sagitta de los peces de España. Boln R. Soc. esp. Hist. nat., 26 (1): pp. 145-160, 71 fig.

Soljan, T. 1963. Fishes of the Adriatic (Ribe Jadrana). Fauna et flora adriatica 1 (revised and enlarged for the English edition), 428 pp., many unnumbered fig.

Steindachner, F. 1867. Ichthyologischer Bericht über eine nach Spanien und Portugal untermommene Reise. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 56 (1): 603-708, 8 pl.

Stoianov, S. 1963. Sparidae. Ribite v Cerno More. Varna, Drjavno Izdatelstvo [not seen].

Svetovidov, A. N. 1964. Rîbî Chernogo Morya. [The fishes of the Black Sea]. Opred Faune SSSR, 86: pp. 1-552, fig. 1-191 (in Russian).

Wheeler, A. 1969. The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Macmillan, London, Melbourne and Toronto: pp. i-xvii+1-163, 5+177 fig., 392 fig. (princ. sp.), 92 n. num. fig., 16 pl., maps.

Williamson, H. C. 1911. Report on the reproductive organs of Sparus centrodontus Delaroche, etc. Rep. Fisheries Bd Sci. Invest., Glaspow, 1: 35 pp.

*BIoch, M. E.. 1785-1795. Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische, Berlin, 1, 1785: viii+ 136 pp., 36 pl. (CIX-CXLIV); 2, 1786: viii+160 pp., 36 pl. (CXLV-CLXXX); 3, 1787: xii +146 pp., 36 pl. (CLXXXI-CCXVI); 4, 1790: xii + 128 pp., 36 pl. (CCXVII-CCLII); 5, 1791: vi + 152 pp., 36 pl. (CCLIII-CCLXXXVIII); 6, 1792: iv +126 pp., 36 pl. (CCLXXXIX-CCCXXIII); 7, 1793: xii +144 pp., 36 pl. (CCCXXVCCCLX); 8, 1794: iv +174 pp., 36 pl. (CCCLXI-CCCXCVI); 9, 1795: ii +192 pp., 36 pl. (CCCXCVII-CCCCXXIX).

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