Author: (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Diagnosis: snout thick, fleshy and short, tip rounded, its length approximately equal to mouth width; nostrils close to snout tip, anterior nasal flap short, triangular. Mouth slightly arched, lips thick and fleshy; upper labial furrow one-third distance to symphysis; cleft at corners voluminous, extending posteriorly one-fifth distance to first gill-slit. Upper teeth long, lanceolate, curved inward, erect anteriorly, oblique posteriorly; lower teeth on broad quadrate base, cusp broadly triangular, erect anteriorly, slightly oblique posteriorly, serrate. Spiracle above and behind eye. Gill-slits short, progressively increasing in size from first to fifth. Pectoral fins long, paddle-shaped; first dorsal fin low, brush-shaped; second dorsal fin larger, origin over mid-base of pelvic fins; caudal fin relatively broad, obliquely truncate terminally, no distinct lower lobe. Colour: uniformly brown. Size: to 180 cm, common to 150 cm.

Habitat: benthic to mesopelagic, at 90-1,000 m, primarily on slopes at 300-600 m. Food: fishes. Reproduction: ovoviviparous, 10-16 young born at 30 cm, seasonality uncertain.

Distribution: Morocco, Madeira and the Azores, northward to Irish and Scottish slopes; also, western Mediterranean. Elsewhere, southward possibly to Senegal; reported from western North Atlantic at Georges Bank, also South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Japan and Taiwan.

Eggs, embryonic and young stages. Helbing, 1904: 510 | Ranzi, 1932: 237-240, fig. 20-21 | Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948: 505 | Bini, 1967: 104, fig. g (all embryonic stages) | Capapé, 1974a: 245.

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Superorder Pleurotremata
Family Squalidae
Genus Dalatias
Species Dalatias licha

Status in World Register of Marine Species

Accepted name: Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Scientific synonyms and common names

Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Synonyms:

Scymnorhinus licha (Bonnaterre, 1788)
Squalus licha Bonnaterre, 1788, Tabl . encyc. méth .... Ichthyol .: 1 2 (' Cap Breton') . Type obviously lost.
Squalus americanus: Gmelin, 1789, in Linné & Gmelin, Syst. nat., ed. XIII, 1, pt. 3: 1503 (on same specimen as Bonnaterre's).
Squalus americanus: Schneider, 1801:136-137.
Squalus nicaeensis Risso, 1810, Ichthyol. Nice: 43-45, pl. IV (fig. 6) (off Nice). One syntype: MNHN no. B 842.
Scymnus americanus: Cuvier, 1817: 130.
Squalus (Acanthorhinus) americanus: Blainville, 1820-1830: 65-66, pl. XV (fig. 2).
Scymnus lichia: Bonaparte, 1836: fasc. XVI, pta. 85, 4 p., 1 pl. Bocage & Capello, 1866: 34-35 Günther, 1870: 425 Moreau, 1881: 358-360, fig. 62 Roule, 1912: 17, 25, 30 Soljan, 1963: 68, fig.
Scymnus (Scymnus) lichia: Müller & Henle, 1841: 92 Duméril, 1865: 452.
Scymnorhinus lichia: Bonaparte, 1846: 16 Goode & Bean, 1896: 7, pl. II (fig. 4) Griffini, 1903: 110, fig. 59 Regan, 1908: 57 Nobre, 1935: 460-461, pl. LXIV (fig. 200) Ehrenbaum, 1936: 290.
Dalatias licha: Gray, 1851: 75 Fowler, 1936: 86, fig. 31 Poll, 1947: 69-70, fig. 43-44 Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948: 502-508, fig. 96-97 (extensive synonymy) Dieuzeide et al., 1953: 56 57, fig. Albuquerque, 1954-1956: 132-133, fig. 81, 83A Bigelow et al., 1955: 10 Bigelow & Schroeder, 1957: 113-115, fig. IE, 14A, l5I Garrick, 1960b: 510-514, fig. 7-8 Chen, 1963: 95-97 Blacker, 1969: 257 Wheeler, 1969: 71, fig. 35 and 2 unnumbered Blache et al., 1970: 39, fig. 82a, 82b.
Scymnorhinus licha: Garman, 1913: 237 Lozano Rey, 1928: 474, pl. V (fig. I)
Redeke, 1941: 43-44 Tortonese, 1956: 184-186, fig. 99 Bini, 1967: 101-101, fig. Maurin & Bonnet, 1970: 24 Ledoux, 1970: 353-356, fig. 20-21.

Common names:

Kitefin shark [En]
Squale liche [Fr]
Carocho [Es]
zwarte haai [Ne]

*Nobre, A. 1935. Fauna marinha de Portugal. 1. Vertebrados (Mamiferos, Reptis e Peixes), Porto.: Ixxxiv+1-21 (Mamiferos); 1-5 (Reptis); 1-574 (Peixes), 77 pl., 64 phot.

Albuquerque, R. M. 1954-1956. Peixes de Portugal e ilhas adjacentes. Chavas para a sua determinação. Port. Acta biol., ser. B,5:xvi+1167 p., 445 fig.

Bigelow, H. B.; Schroeder, W. C. 1948b. Sharks. In: Fishes of the western north Atlantic. Mem. Sears Found. Mar. Res., New Haven, 1(1): 59-576, fig. 6-106.

Bigelow, H. B.; Schroeder, W. C. 1957. A study of the sharks of the suborder Squaloidea. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 117 (1) :1-150, fig. 1-16, pl. IIV.

Bigelow, H. B.; Schroeder, W. C.; Springer, S.1955. Three new shark records from the Gulf of Mexico. Breviora, (49) :1-12, fig. 1-2.

Bini, G. 1967-72. Atlante dei pesci delle Coste italiane. Mondo Sommerso, Milano, 9 vol: I, 1967, Leptocardi, Ciclostomi, Selaci, 206 p., 66 fig+64 col. fig. II, 1971, Osteitti (Acipenseriformi, Clupeiformi, Mictofiformi, Anguilliformi), 300 p., 73 col. fig. III, 1970, Notacantiformi . . . Zeiformi, 229 p., 34 fig+63 col. fig. IV, 1968, Perciformi (Mugiloidei, Percoidei), 163 p., 34 fig+49 col. fig. V, 1968, Perciformi (Percoidei), 175 p., 22 fig.+56 col. fig. VI, 1968, Perciformi (Trichiuroidei . . . Blennioidei), 177 p., 48 fig+57 col. fig. VII,1969, Perciformi (Ofidioidei . . . Dactilopteroidei), 196 p., 57 fig.+59 col. fig. VIII,1968, Pleuronettiformi, Echeniformi, Gobioesociformi, Tetraodontiformi, Lofiformi, 164 p., 34+63 fig. IX, 1972, Introduzione. Parte generale. Aggiornamenti. Indici. 176 p.

Blache, J.; Cadenat, J.; Stauch, A. 1970. Clés de détermination des poissons de mer signalés dans l'Atlantique Oriental (entre le 20e parallèle N. et le l5e parallèle S.). Faune tropicale, 18: 479 p., 1152 fig.

Blacker, R. W.1969. English observations on rare fish in 1968. Annls biol., Copenh., 25 (1968): 257-258.

Blainville, H. M. Ducrotay de. 1825. Vertébrés. Classe V. Poissons. Sous classe Ire. Poissons cartilagineux. In: P. Vieillot et al., 1820-30, Faune francaise ou histoire naturelle générale et particulière des animaux qui se trouvent en France, livr. 13-14, 96 p., 22 pl. (num. I to 68 with lacks).

Bloch, M. E.; Schneider, J. G. 1801. M. E. Blochii Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit J. G. Schneider, Saxo. Berolini: Ix+584 p., 110 pl.

Bocage, J. V. B.; Capello, F. de. 1866. Notes pour servir à l'ichthyologie du Portugal. Poissons Plagiostomes, pt. I. Squales: 40 p., 3 pl.

Bonaparte, C. L. 1832-41, Iconografia della Fauna italica per le quattro classi degli Animali Vertebrati, tomo III, Pesci, Roma, without pagination, 75 puntate (in 30 fasc.), 78 pl.

Bonaparte, C. L. 1845. Catalogo metodico dei pesci europei. Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat., 1-95 (also publ. sep., Napoli, 1846, 97 p.).

Bonnaterre, J. P. 1788. Ichthyologie. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la Nature, Paris: Ivi+215 p., pl. A-B+1-100.

Capapé, C. 1974a. Observations sur la sexualite, la reproduction et la fecondite de 16 Selaciens pleurotremes, ovipares, aplacentaires des cotes tunisiennes. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis, 51: 229-256, 329-344.

Chen, J. T. F. 1963. A review of the sharks of Taiwan. Biol. Bull. Coll. Sci. Tunghai Univ., 19 :1-102, fig. 1-28.

Cuvier, G.1817b. Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée, 4 vol. Paris. Poissons, 2 :104-351.

Dieuzeide, R.; Novella, M. (collab. J. Roland), 1953-55. Catalogue des Poissons des Côtes algériennes. Bull. Stn Aquic. Pêch. Castiglione, I (n.s.), (4), 1952 [1953]: 1-135, 73 fig. n. num.; II (n.s.), (5), 1953 [1954] :1-258, 135 fig. n. num.; III (n.s.), (6), 1954 [1955] :1-384, 202 fig. n. num.

Duméril, A. H. A.1865. Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale, Paris, 2 vol., 1: 720 p., Atlas: 14 pl.

Ehrenbaum, E. 1936. Naturgeschichte und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Seefische Nordeuropas, in Handbuch der Seefischerei N. Eur., 2: x+337 p., 276 fig., 2 tabl., 26 pl.

Fowler, H. W.1936. The Marine Fishes of West Africa, based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition 1909-15. Bull. am. Mus. nat. Hist., 70 (1), Jan. 21, 1936: vii+606 p., fig. 1-275; (2), Nov. 18,1936: 607-1493, fig. 276-567.

Garman, S. 1913. The Plagiostomia (Sharks, Skates, and Rays). Mem. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 36: xiii+528 p., 77 pl.

Garrick, J. A. F.1960b. Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part XI. Squaloids of the genera Deania, Etmopterus, Oxynotus and Dalatias in New Zealand waters. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z., 88 (3): 489-517, fig. 1-8, pl. XXVI.

Gmelin, J. F. 1789. Pisces in Caroli a Linné, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. XIII, 1(3) :1126-1516.

Goode, G. B.; Bean, T. H. 1896. Oceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by steamers Blake, Albatross and Fish Hawk in the northwestern Atlantic. Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., 30 and Spec. Bull U.S. natn. Mus., 1895 [1896] and Mem. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 1 (Text): xxxv+1-553; 2 (Atlas): xxiii+1-26, 123 pl., 417 fig.

Gray, J. E.1851. List of the specimens of fish in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. London, x+160 p., 2 pl.

Griffini, A. 1903. Ittiologia italiana, Manuali Hoepli, Milano: xii+475 p., 244 fig.

Gunnerus, J. E. 1763b. Om Sort-Haaen, ibid., 2: 313-320, pl. VII-VIII. (German transl., 1765b: vom schwarzen Hayfisch, ibid., 2: 284-290, pl. VII-VIII.)

Günther, A.1870. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. 8. Catalogue of the Physostomi containing the families Gymnotidae, Symbranchidae, Muraenidae, Pegasidae and of the Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Leptocardii in the collection of the British Museum. London, xxv+549 p.

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